What is DNA Testing for Dogs?
DNA testing is a rather new option (for humans and canines). In 2007, when the first dog DNA tests kits hit the market, many breeders, veterinarians and dog enthusiasts were excited. While some good has come from Dog DNA testing, there have also been a number of significant disappointments as we have realized their limitations.
What is DNA testing? You might remember from Junior High biology that DNA is “code” for deoxyribonucleic acid.
El ADN es esencialmente una secuencia de nucleótidos. Cada organismo vivo posee ADN que funciona como un plano único con información sobre ese ser humano, planta, bacteria, gato, ave o perro.
For our discussion, individual genes son uno de los aspectos más importantes del ADN. Genes específicos conforman el código genético de un perro. Estos genes pueden codificar proteínas individuales que determinan la construcción y reproducción de las células en un perro.
El ADN de un ser humano está compuesto por 23 pares de cromosomas (46 cromosomas en total) con un total de aproximadamente 3 mil millones de pares de bases de ADN.
Canine DNA has similarities to human DNA, but also significant differences. A typical dog has 20,000 to 25,000 genes which are positioned along 78 total chromosomes. A dog’s DNA has about 2.5 billion nucleotides. Dog DNA testing focuses on a tiny percentage of those.
DNA's four letters (aka bases) are A, T, C, G: adenines (A) pairs with thymines (T), cytosines (C) with guanines (G)
For human DNA, the possible alphanumeric combination is 3.2 billion letters. Thus, each human has a unique DNA. In a similar way, a full sequence mapping of a dog’s DNA (first done by MIT researchers on Tasha the female boxer in 2005) gives a blueprint of that particular dog.
¿Cuándo se debe realizar la prueba de ADN para perros?
DNA testing will be more accurate if it is done after a dog is at least two years old. Puppy traits are constantly changing. For instance a Poodle’s coat is typically not very curly as a puppy, but it continues to get curlier as the puppy ages. An early test is less likely to detect the curly coat if it has not yet manifested.
Wisdom Panel (una de las pruebas de ADN canino más populares) dice en su sitio web: “Ten en cuenta que puede ser muy difícil observar los rasgos de raza en los cachorros, porque están creciendo y desarrollándose rápidamente. La mayoría de los perros no alcanzarán sus rasgos físicos maduros finales hasta que tengan al menos uno o dos años de edad.”
Dog DNA Testing Process
If you want to have your dog’s DNA tested, the typical process would look like this:
- Buy a DNA test packet online or from your vet. Some of the most popular DNA test kits are Embark, Wisdom Panel,
- Collect the DNA sample. In the past this was done through a blood draw (by your veterinarian), but now the DNA is most often collected with a cheek swab.
- Mail the DNA sample to the makers of the test kit.
- At the Lab, your DNA test provider (Embark, PetConfirm, etc) should extract DNA from your dog’s cells in the sample swab (or blood draw) that you sent them.
- DNA markers will be evaluated (depending on the test used, it will range from dozens to hundreds of markers that are evaluated).
- Certain markers are analyzed (A, T, C, G). These markers give a key to your dog’s genetic code. Only a small percentage of your dog’s total markers will be analyzed (dozens or hundreds); Remember for humans there is a possible combination of 3.2 billion letters. For $85 to $200, it is not realistic to expect a full DNA mapping of your dog. The DNA test kit, will test a very small percentage of your dog’s overall DNA.
- Your dog’s markers (eye color, coat curl, ear size) are compared with markers collected from registered purebreds in the past. The larger the collection from registered purebreds, the more accurate the comparison will be.
- La mayoría de los servicios de pruebas de ADN consideran múltiples posibles árboles genealógicos. En otras palabras, tu perro tiene características específicas y el servicio de pruebas de ADN compara otros perros (con ascendencia conocida) que tienen características similares. La computadora puede presentar docenas de modelos diferentes de los posibles antepasados de tu perro.
- The computer looks at these dozens of possibilities and scores which one it thinks it’s the most likely combination for your dog. This gives you a range of potential ancestors for your dogs, and essentially the DNA testers present you with their “best guess” as to what your dog’s hereditary looks like. It is important to remember that this is merely a best guess and far from 100% accurate, as the DNA testers are quick to acknowledge.
- This “best guess” can vary between litter mates, and certainly between different DNA testers. It’s very helpful for a Heinz 57 dog to have some idea of what your dog’s genetic markers point to for possible ancestry.
Beneficios de las Pruebas de ADN Canino
Canine DNA testing has some huge potential benefits.
- Determining Parentage of an Individual Puppy. Most breeders are very familiar with the AKC’s DNA Parentage Evaluation Service. It is possible for more than one male to breed with a female, and the breeder may question which male is the dad of a particular puppy. We have friends who breed purebred Labrador Retrievers and found themselves in this exact predicament. If the genetic factors tested match the DNA of one father, better than the other, it becomes clear which Labrador was the father of the litter. AKC’s DNA Parentage Evaluation is a great use of DNA testing.
- Vincular a un perro individual con sus desechos. There are currently efforts to identify which dog’s poop was left by an less-than-thoughtful dog owner going for a walk (PooPrints is the best example of this). In the same way that a genetic pattern of human DNA (blood, hair, skin cells) can often be used to match a murderer to the scene of the crime, a dog’s waste matter can be used to accurately match with the dog it came from.
- Helping Breeders know what Puppies a Dog Will ProduceLas pruebas de ADN son muy útiles para que los criadores sepan si un Poodle tiene el gen de "furnishings" (pelaje especial), si un perro puede producir cachorros con marcas "phantom", la probabilidad de ciertos colores de pelaje, entre otros datos importantes.
- Recognizing Potential Diseases. As researchers collect DNA information about genetic tendencies toward certain diseases, a DNA test can be helpful in knowing whether your dog is pre-disposed to a certain problem.
- Ofreciendo la Mejor Estimación del Origen de la Raza a Quienes Adoptan de la Sociedad Protectora de Animales. For decades, families who have adopted a rescue pup of completely unknown origin, have asked friends and veterinarians for their best guess as to what breeds make up the dog. DNA testing gives a more scientific means of arriving at a best guess, but the results are far from perfect (see below).
Problems with Dog DNA Genetic Testing
There are significant inabilities of Dog DNA testing. There is no regulating body for dog DNA tests (The FDA regulates the human DNA test, 23andMe, but nothing similar exists for dog DNA testing). Families who have sent DNA to multiple vendors, have received back widely varying results. And different results have been given with the same litter from the same canine parents and even with the same dog from the same DNA tester when samples were sent at different times.
Resultados muy variables del ADN canino
Puedes leer historias humorísticas en línea sobre cómo muchas personas han enviado saliva a varios grupos de pruebas de ADN y han recibido resultados muy variados. Incluso las empresas que realizan las pruebas de ADN señalan que no son completamente precisas, pero pueden darte una idea general de la ascendencia de tu perro.
Por eso es que los perros de raza pura (registrados en el AKC) muchas veces salen en las pruebas con algo de “raza mixta”, y por eso también los perritos de la misma camada a veces reciben resultados distintos. Es común que un perro reciba tres resultados diferentes si se manda a tres laboratorios de pruebas de ADN distintos. Incluso muchos perros mestizos, con ascendencia conocida (y papeles AKC de los padres), salen en las pruebas como otra cosa. En otras palabras, las pruebas de ADN generalmente te dan una idea cercana (un “mejor estimado”), pero están lejos de ser 100% precisas.
The tests themselves point out that pups within a litter can vary. For instance, within a litter of f1b Goldendoodles (75% poodle and 25% Golden Retriever), we could test one of the much curlier siblings, and that sibling would be more likely to show the 75% poodle ancestry; whereas a less curly f1b Goldendoodle pup, might display less of its Poodle heritage in the DNA test.
Although DNA tests seem to be improving, multiple DNA tests have been shown repeatedly to be unreliable to arrive at exact ancestry. Consumers who think that DNA tests are an exact science do not understand their true nature.
For example, the Wisdom Panel test acknowledges that purebred registered AKC dogs, may well show up with other things listed:
They say "the Wisdom Panel Canine DNA tests are not intended to refute" known ancestry and that "Because there is only one purebred tree model in the 11 considered, the statistical process inherently favors mixed ancestry." The inherent bias toward multiple breeds is helpful to someone who adopts a puppy from the Humane Society and wants to find out every possible breed their puppy might contain. Particularly if some breeds that may (or may not) be present or more prone to specific health issues.
Indisputably Wrong Results
Una búsqueda rápida en internet mostrará ejemplos de pruebas de ADN canino que fueron tan erróneas que resultan risibles. Algunas personas han enviado muestras de ADN del mismo perro al mismo centro de análisis en diferentes ocasiones y han recibido resultados distintos.https://news.vin.com/vinnews.aspx?articleId=23206). A veterinary group took a Purebred registered Poodle and submitted it to DNA testing groups as a Purebred, and the results came back that this was a purebred Poodle. When they submitted the same DNA to the same groups, but submitted the DNA as a mixed breed (selected that option), they were told that the exact same dog contained several other breeds in addition to standard Poodle. Supposedly, their AKC purebred Poodle was also part Labrador retriever, Pembroke Welsh corgi, Shih Tzu, Tibetan spaniel and Miniature Poodle.
Otro Ejemplo
On a message board of the Veterinary Information Network (VIN), an online community for the profession, veterinarians reported a variety of results in friends, clients’ and their own dogs. Some were plausible and some were wacky.
On the wacky side was an 80-pound dog whose mother was known to be a Labrador retriever that tested as mostly miniature poodle plus Yorkshire terrier.
Un dachshund de pedigree resultó ser predominantemente Siberian Husky, con un toque de dachshund y lebrel ibicenco. ¿Quieres que te ayude a traducirlo al español o necesitas más información sobre esta mezcla?
There was a dog that looked classically Chihuahua that came back as “an extremely complex mixed-breed dog ... (with) distant traces of Afghan hound, Cavalier King Charles spaniel and toy fox terrier.”
From Online Article: “Dog breed genetic tests put to the test: Science is solid but results aren’t precise”
Las pruebas de ADN para perros a menudo muestran resultados diferentes para perros hermanos.
En su sitio web, Wisdom Panel aborda la pregunta de por qué los hermanos a menudo muestran resultados diferentes en las pruebas (presentando una ascendencia completamente distinta para dos cachorros de los mismos padres).
Wisdom Panel escribe: “Otro factor que influye en la genética de una camada es qué segmentos exactos de ADN hereda cada cachorro. Aunque cada progenitor transmite el 50 % de su composición genética a un cachorro, la composición real de esa contribución genética varía entre los hermanos. Esto se debe a la naturaleza aleatoria con la que se transmiten los genes y a un proceso conocido como recombinación genética. Como podemos ver, en muchas camadas —especialmente las de perros mestizos con múltiples razas ancestrales— los cachorros pueden mostrar una gran variedad en sus rasgos físicos como el color o la longitud del pelaje, la longitud de las patas e incluso la forma y tamaño de la cabeza y las orejas. ¡Toda esta variación nos indica que cada cachorro es realmente, y genéticamente, único!”
Those familiar with genetic testing should not be surprised the canine siblings often test different as the same thing happens with humans. Human siblings with identical biological parents often find that a DNA tests tells them they are from different genetic backgrounds. Even DNA tested twins can be told they’re different percentages of various nationalities.
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/dna-ancestry-test-siblings-different-results-genetics-science/
Elizabeth Warren’s attempt to prove that she had some Indian blood became a national news story and also showed the inability of DNA tests to perfectly determine human nationality in a satisfactory way.
https://www.factcheck.org/2018/10/the-facts-on-elizabeth-warrens-dna-test/
For an interesting study of two human siblings that had very different results, see the following article, which says only identical twins would have the same results for their ancestry:
https://homedna.com/blog/why-can-siblings-have-different-ancestry-results
Dog DNA Breed Testing is a Best Guess
One veterinary research firm took mixed breed dogs of known origin from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Veterinary Medicine. They sent DNA samples of these dogs (of undisputed origin) to Wisdom Panel and Canine Heritage.
For instance one of the dogs (Salem) was “exactly 68.4 percent beagle, 14.4 percent German shepherd, 9.4 percent giant schnauzer and 7.8 percent basset.” The tests that came back were disappointing. Wisdom Panel was the most accurate, even though it was still quite wrong.
Wisdom Panel found the beagle in Salem, along with a touch of German shepherd. But it very wrongly detected Ibizan hound in Salem’s background. This made the researcher (who owned Salem) chuckle as it was clearly an incorrect finding. None of Salem’s ancestors were anywhere close to an Ibizan Hound.
The researchers helpfully concluded, “Salem’s result demonstrates that such charts [from Wisdeom Panel] should not be accepted as a precise family tree but merely a guideline when dealing with complex mixes. The chart shows one of her parents as purebred beagle. Casal said Salem's maternal grandmother was a purebred beagle but not her parents.”
El Wisdom Panel tuvo resultados incorrectos, pero estuvieron cerca. La prueba Canine Heritage fue mucho peor, ni siquiera reconoció al Beagle. La prueba Canine Heritage no pudo encontrar ninguna raza primaria. Nombró al Pastor Alemán como raza secundaria, y al Chesapeake Bay Retriever como “en la mezcla.”
The important thing to remember is that Dog DNA Breed Testing is a best guess as to what dog ancestors may have been.
Si aún estás interesado en investigar más, por favor lee los artículos a continuación para conocer los resultados mixtos en las pruebas de ADN, como un recordatorio de que esta es una ciencia en desarrollo que sigue siendo solo una suposición basada en lo mejor disponible.
https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/issues/21_7/features/Dog-DNA-Tests-Mixed-Results_21872-1.html
https://www.wfla.com/8-on-your-side/dog-dna-testing-the-test-kits-reveal-startling-different-results/1494814305
https://help.wisdompanel.com/s/article/I-tested-siblings-and-the-results-are-different-how-can-that-be
https://help.wisdompanel.com/s/article/Wisdom-Panel-test-said-my-registered-purebred-dog-isn-t-a-purebred-How-can-this-be
http://fortune.com/2015/06/25/dog-dna-tests/
Potential Dangers of Dog DNA Testing
Typically veterinarians are not genetic experts, and the DNA tests can push them to make decisions about individual dogs without factual results to back it up. A vet going on a widely divergent “best guess” from someone’s DNA kit, might feel pressured to put a dog down even when he/she sees no specific physical reason to do so.
El 12 de noviembre de 2018, en la sección de Ciencia de The Atlantic, Sarah Zhang analiza a fondo los problemas de las pruebas de ADN (“Lo que piensan los veterinarios de 23andMe para perros”). Por ejemplo, ella escribe:
Several dog owners told me their vets were curious when they brought in a DNA report for their dog. When I reached out to the American Veterinary Medical Association, the American Animal Hospital Association, and several state veterinary associations though, most either did not respond or responded to say direct-to-consumer DNA tests weren’t on their radar. Meanwhile, the veterinarians and canine geneticists who did want to talk were largely skeptical.
“Los veterinarios, en realidad, no estamos muy educados en genética clínica, porque es un campo nuevo,” dice Lisa Moses, veterinaria en Boston. Moses estaba especialmente preocupada por la información sobre riesgos de salud. Señala que los médicos pueden referir a pacientes humanos a consejeros genéticos, pero los veterinarios no cuentan con consejeros genéticos disponibles para perros. Moses fue coautora de un...comentar enNature
A principios de este año, relató la historia de una perrita de 13 años que estaba perdiendo la capacidad de caminar. Sus dueños decidieron comprar una prueba directa al consumidor por $65, la cual mostró una mutación vinculada a una enfermedad neurológica llamada mielopatía degenerativa (DM). Convencidos de que ella moriría lentamente a causa de la enfermedad, sus dueños decidieron dormirla.
Pero la mutación para la DM es notoriamente difícil de interpretar. Kari Ekenstedt, profesora de anatomía y genética en la Universidad de Purdue, la llama la "mutación de la DM siempre controvertida". El problema, dice ella, es que no tener tal mutación es una buena señal de que un perro no tiene DM, pero tener una mutación no garantiza que el perro tenga la enfermedad. Es posible que el perro del que escribió Moses tuviera un trastorno espinal completamente tratable y no hubiera necesitado ser sacrificado.
The episode prompted Moses to take a closer look at the pet-DNA industry, and she came away even less certain of how to interpret the results. While the Food and Drug Administration regulates 23andMe, no one is looking at pet-DNA tests. Moses says she had been taking the DNA tests at face value, and she began to wonder if she had caused her patients too much worry by doing so. “I didn’t understand how iffy, how little there was for me to really take stock of these tests,” she said. Carrie Waters, a veterinarian in Dallas, echoed the sentiment. “There’s a number of labs doing it, but I’m not totally convinced there’s the best quality,” she said.
Statement from Wisdom Panel
Over the past many years, several puppies from Crockett Doodles have had DNA testing done. It has been interesting to see the results. So far (to our knowledge), none of the pups have tested as susceptible to any particular genetic disorder (for which we are thankful). The majority of tested pups, test exactly correctly according to their parentage, but we have had a handful of cases with slight variation. In these cases, the DNA tests were nearly accurate in their “best guess,” but missed it slightly. Some of the DNA tests misrepresent the test to the end customer making it sound like absolute scientific proof which can be confusing to their customer, who may actually doubt the known heritage of a doodle puppy. Below is an email exchange with Wisdom Panel after a particularly interesting DNA test.
Carta a Wisdom Panel sobre resultados de ADN incorrectos
Dear Wisdom Panel:
In the past, I've believed that you were one of the best DNA tests, but it is becoming more and more difficult to recommend you to anyone who gets a pup from us. I think you need to be more up front with those who purchase the Wisdom Panel test that it is the Best Guess as to a dog's heritage and that it is not fool proof.
Most recently a family got a mini Goldendoodle from our home-raised network (Crockett Doodles). Their female mini Goldendoodle (Poppy) was the offspring of a purebred registered mini Poodle (Rudy) and a purebred registered Golden Retriever (Heather).
Como realizamos la inseminación artificial y Heather no estuvo en contacto con otros perros, podemos saber con un 100% de certeza quiénes fueron los padres.
As is very typical in crossbreeds (especially first generations), some pups got more of the Golden Retriever and others received more of the mini Poodle. For instance some pups had a far curlier coat--or were larger or smaller.
Poppy received far more of the Golden Retriever's characteristics. She sheds like a Golden and has an incredibly friendly attitude like a Golden. Basically Poppy's adoptive parents told me that she is like a mini Golden Retriever (she got her size from her mini Poodle dad).
Algunos de sus hermanos de camada recibieron más rasgos del mini Poodle y, sin duda, darían un resultado de 50% o más de mini Poodle. Reconozco que en la sección de preguntas frecuentes (FAQ) de su sitio web ustedes mencionan que las pruebas de ADN suelen variar entre hermanos, que no deben contradecir el linaje conocido, etc. Sin embargo, los resultados de la prueba no lo dejan suficientemente claro y son MUY engañosos para las familias que no han estudiado la genética a fondo.
In this case, I thought your DNA tests were quite accurate (considering they test for 400 breeds). They identified 50% Golden Retriever (exactly right). But for the other parent, they predicted part mini Poodle (correct) part Cavalier, part Cocker (both incorrect).
This makes sense to me, because basically Poppy looks to me, like she received about 85 % of the Golden Retriever traits and 15 % of the mini Poodle traits. However, based on her smaller size, I can see where the test would recognize that she's not nearly big enough to be 85 % Golden Retriever, so in my mind the Cocker / Cavalier guess makes sense.
Lo que me resulta extremadamente molesto es que sus resultados de prueba (la familia amablemente me los envió) son increíblemente engañosos al hacer que parezca que se trata de una ciencia 100% precisa, lo que llevó a la familia adoptiva a cuestionar factores que ya se conocían. Sabemos que el padre era un Poodle mini registrado y la madre una Golden Retriever registrada. No tenemos ni un solo macho mini Poodle / Cocker / Cavalier en nuestra red —en ninguna parte—, así que claramente eso no es correcto. Pero su prueba lo presentó como si fuera ciencia perfecta. Esto es absolutamente publicidad engañosa.
You're probably aware that the human DNA testers are embattled with class action lawsuits. I imagine that pet DNA testers will not be far behind, unless you more clearly specify that this is your best guess and should not be used to contradict known realities.
For instance Poppy's family initially wanted a full refund, since their pup did not test 50% Golden Retriever and 50% mini Poodle. I talked to them on the phone and they're very reasonable, and as they study it more and think through the realities (just because a mom is a Golden Retriever and a dad is the mini Poodle, does not mean the pup will get 50% of one parent and 50% of the other), they're understanding it better.
Para lo que hace (reducir las principales posibilidades entre 400 razas), el Wisdom Panel es notable. Pero presentarlo como algo mucho más de lo que realmente es se vuelve engañoso para sus clientes y cada vez más frustrante para los criadores reputados.
¿Podría enviarme algo por escrito que reconozca que su prueba no es 100% precisa y que no debe utilizarse para tratar de contradecir los resultados conocidos de un cachorro con pedigrí conocido?
Thank you; I'm not trying to come across as angry, I'm just frustrated that the marketing of your product seems to assume a level of certainty that is not accurate.
Ejemplos de demandas recientes por pruebas genéticas incorrectas:
https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/closed-settlements/820889-23andme-dna-testing-kit-class-action-settlement/
<https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/09/dna-test-race-lawsuit/570250/>
Wisdom Panel’s Helpful Response
I was very appreciative of the response from Wisdom Panel which acknowledged my concerns. I just wish the info given to their customers made this more clear from the start. They attached the PDF below to the following email.
Thank you for reaching out; we are sorry to hear that you are having issues concerning results that we may have provided. We do our best to be clear regarding what the Wisdom Panel Canine Breed tests are intended for; specifically posting several knowledge articles on this subject, as well as accuracy, and how the testing works on our help site (I have included some of them below), on the product description pages for our secondary online retailers, and within the online version of the report.
We caution our customers that visual identification using physical and behavior traits is often incorrect (studies have shown that even dog experts are incorrect about 75% of the time). When two dogs of the same breed are bred together there are a limited amount of genetic possibilities, and you can be reasonably certain of what the resulting puppies will look like. However when you begin to mix breeds together, even F1 crosses, additional genetic possibilities are opened up. The physical traits that are expressed by these dogs can often mimic those of other breeds, or make them look different than expected based on their ancestry. However physical appearance does not alter genetic breed ancestry.
The exact breed ancestry of puppies in the same litter depends on several factors. Each puppy in a litter is created by a unique egg and sperm, much like fraternal twins. Identical twins have not been shown to occur in dogs at this time. Because of this, we have found that average full siblings share approximately 2/3 of their tested DNA signature, that is, when they have the same mother and father. Because of the unique reproductive cycle of the female dog, multiple sires for the same litter are common. If a litter was sired by more than one male, each puppy could have a different father, thus making them half-siblings. The genetic relatedness of half-siblings is even lower, and can produce very different breed ancestry results.
Another factor involved in litter genetics is which exact pieces of DNA each puppy inherited. While each parent is responsible for passing down half of a puppy's genetic makeup, the actual composition of that genetic contribution varies between siblings, and is also influenced by the diversity of the parents. The semi-random nature by which genes are passed down is caused by the process known as genetic recombination. In genetic recombination, prior to production of sperm and ova, the parent's chromosome pairs swap pieces of DNA, then divide in half, resulting in a unique combination of DNA for each ova and sperm. This process happens with each litter, producing a tremendous amount of genetic "shuffling" over even a few short generations. On average, through the DNA of their parents, puppies receive about 25% of their total genetic makeup from each of their grandparents, and 12.5% from each of their great-grandparents. However, this is an average across many individuals, as each individual often receives more or less tested DNA markers from a particular ancestor than its littermate. Because of genetic factors, siblings can sometimes have differences in the breeds identified (or placement of the breeds) in their family trees due to differing actual percentages inherited from their grandparents and beyond. Essentially, each puppy received 50% of its DNA from their Dam and 50% from their Sire, however they will likely not inherit the same 50% as their siblings from either parent.
The following website also has a short article discussing genetics of littermates: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201108/why-are-some-litter-pups-uniform-in-appearance-while-others-are-mismatched
I have attached a copy of a statement that you are welcome to share with your customers, as well as the below links. Our goal is not only to provide the most accurate and robust information available to each of our customers, but also to make sure that this information is understood. If you have any further questions regarding how the testing works, or if your customers would like to discuss their results, we encourage you to contact our Customer Care Team.
https://help.wisdompanel.com/s/article/Wisdom-Panel-test-said-my-registered-purebred-dog-isn-t-a-purebred-How-can-this-be
https://help.wisdompanel.com/s/article/Do-the-Wisdom-Panel-tests-measure-the-purity-of-my-purebred-dog
https://help.wisdompanel.com/s/article/Can-Wisdom-Panel-certify-a-purebred-or-designer-dog
https://www.wisdompanel.com/how-it-works/breed-detection/
Saludos,
Heidi
Salud Wisdom
